2. Read
the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
1. There
are two problems that cause a great worry to our educationist- The problem of
religious and moral education in the land of many faiths and the problem
arising out of the large variety of languages.
2. Taking
up the education of the small children we see that they should be trained to
live with one-another, to be kind and helpful to all, to be tender to the lower
animals and to observe and think right. The task of teaching them how to read
and write and to count and to calculate is important but it should not make us
lose sight of the primary aim of moulding personality in the right way.
3. For this, it is necessary to call into
aid culture, tradition and religion. But in our country we have, in the same
school, to look after boys and girls born in different faiths and belonging to
families that live diverse ways of life, easy path of evading the difficulty by
attending solely to physical culture and intellectual education. We have to
evolve a suitable technique and method for serving the spiritual needs of the
school children professing different faiths. We should thereby promote an
atmosphere of mutual respect, a fuller understanding and helpful cooperation
among the different communities in our society. Again we must remain one
people, and therefore, to give basic training to our schools to speak and
understand more languages than one and to appreciate and respect different
religions prevailing in India. It is not right for us in Indian to be
overtaking the young mind. What is necessary must be done and it is not in fact
a great burden.
4. Any attempt to do away with the stream
roll the differences with governmental coercion and indirect pressure would be
as futile as it would be unwise. Any imposition of a single way of life and
form of workshop on all children or neglect of a section of pupils in this
respect, or barren secularization will lead to conflict between school and home
life which is harmful. On the other hand, if we give due respect to the
different prevailing faiths in the educational institutions by organizing
suitable facilities for religious teaching for boys and girls of all
communities our problem will be solved to a larger extent. This may itself
serve as a broadening influence of great national values.
a. On
the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it. Also use
recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary (minimum 4). Supply a suitable
title to it.
b. Write
a summary of the above passage in about 80 words.
SOLUTION:
Title -ROLE OF FAITH AND LANGUAGE IN EDUCATION
1. The Great Worry
1.1 Prblm of
religious & moral education
1.2 Innumerable
faiths &langs.
2. Task of
Teaching
2.1 Includes-
nurturing cooperation, kindness, helpfulness, tenderness
2.2 Primary
aim- moulding personality
3. Serving the
Spiritual Needs
3.1 Promoting mutual respect, understanding,
cooperation amng diff. Communities
3.2 One
people, speak & understand diff. Langs.
4. Solution
4.1 No
coercion
4.2 Due
respect for all religions
4.3 Religious
teaching for all communities
KEY TO
ABBREVIATION
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1. prblm - problem
2. & - and
3. langs - languages
4. diff - different
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SUMMARY
The educationists in our country faces two
types of problems i.e. religious and moral education which is mainly because
of innumerable faiths and languages. The task of teaching includes nurturing
cooperation, kindness, tenderness and helpfulness but the primary aim is
moulding the personality. To serve the spiritual needs we should we should
promote mutual respect, understanding and cooperation among different
communities. We should remember that we are one people and try to speak and
understand more than one language. The solution of this problem is not in
coercion but in respecting all religions. We should try to arrange religious
teaching for all communities in schools.
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3. Read
the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
1. To date happiness has defied
definition. Most people tend to equate happiness with fun, good living, plenty
of money. If happiness were synonymous with all this, rich people with all
their luxuries and countless parties would be perpetually happy. But in actual
fact, they are, frequently, acutely unhappy, despite their riches and ability
to indulge in fun activities at will. Fun is what we experience during an act;
happiness is that intangible something we experience after an act. We may have
fun watching a movie, going shopping, meeting friends- these are all fun
activities that afford us fleeting moments of relaxation and enjoyment.
Happiness, on the other hand, is a much stronger, deeper and more abiding
emotion.
2. If we perceive happiness as the
ultimate goal, we must also devise a way to reach that goal. The way to happiness is not a
smooth, broad highway along which we can cruise at a comfortable speed. It is a
path through rocky and rugged terrain and the going can become very tough at
times. At these times we have to roll up our sleeves and with pitchfork and
shovel make our way onwards. This pursuit of happiness lasts a lifetime. Great
happiness is earned only by great effort and effort not in spurts but diligent,
constant effort.
3. In this connection with another fallacy,
that fun and pleasure mean happiness and thus pain, its corollary, must be
synonymous with unhappiness. But in fact the truth is quite different. Things
that bring us happiness, more often than not, involve some amount of pain. It
is because of misconception that people avoid the very endeavour that is the
source of true happiness. Difficult endeavours - such as raising of children,
establishing deeper relationships with loved ones, trying to do something
worthwhile in life- hold the promise of a world of happiness.
4. Happiness is not a permanent vacation.
Another prevalent belief is that if one were rich enough not to have to work
one would be blissfully happy. But a job is more than just a pay cheque. Almost
all religions teach us that work is worship. Work holds the key to happiness as
doing something which increases confidence and self-worth. It brings on a
feeling of satisfaction, of doing something, of contributing. Job satisfaction
comes less from how much one earns than from the challenge of the job. Of
course the pay-cheques count. It would be unrealistic to suggest that one could
be happy without a basic shelter, roaming the streets on an empty stomach.
5. A secret ingredient of happiness is
contentment. Contentment here does not mean apathy or lack of ambition, just as
commitment does not mean curtailment of freedom. Commitment teaches us to give
so that we may receive and contentment helps us to cherish the gifts we have
received. These things are worth a try even if they don’t promise access to the
pinnacle of success. Success, after all, has been described as getting what one
wants, whereas happiness is liking what one gets.
a. On the basis of your reading of the above
passage, make notes on it. Also use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary
(minimum 4). Supply a suitable title to it.
b. Write
a summary of the above passage in about 80 words.
SOLUTION:
Title -WHAT IS HAPPINESS
1. Defining
Happiness
1.1 Hpns. defies def.
1.2 Often
mistaken for
1.2.1 Fun
1.2.2 Good living
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relaxation
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enjoyment
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2. Way to Hpns.
2.1 Hpns. : ultimate goal
2.2 path to hpns. not smooth
2.4 life long pursuit
3. Hpns. v/s Unhappiness
3.2 Happy things involves pain
3.1.1 raising children
3.1.2 forming deeper relationships
3.1.3 doing worthwhile things
4. Hpns. v/s Work
4.2 Work is not mere pay cheque but worship
4.3 Work: key to hpns.
4.3.1 increases confidence
4.3.2 gives job satisfaction
4.3.3 gives joy of contribution
4.4 Basic hpns.
4.4.1 food
4.4.2 shelter
5. Secret
Ingredients of Hpns.
5.1 Contenment
5.2 Commitment
5.3 Making efforts
5.4 Success v/s Hpns.
KEY TO ABBREVIATION
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Hpns. - happiness
Def. - definition
v/s - versus
expd. - experienced
& - and
Emo. - emotion
= - equals
to
Diff. - difficult
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SUMMARY
Happiness defies definition. It is often mistaken
for fun, good living and plenty of money. Fun experienced during an act is
fleeting moment of enjoyment but happiness enjoyed after that is stronger,
deeper and is more abiding emotion. If happiness is the ultimate goal, we must
also device ways to achieve it. The path to happiness is not very smooth. Great
happiness is earned by diligent and constant effort. Happiness involves pain.
Happiness is not a permanent vacation. Work is the key to happiness. It
increases confidence and self-worth, gives satisfaction and joy of
contribution. The secret ingredients of happiness are- contentment, commitment
and making efforts. Getting what one wants is success but happiness is, liking
what one gets.
4. Read
the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
1. The practice of soil conservation
involves methods to reduce soil erosion, prevent depletion of soil nutrients,
and restore nutrients already lost by erosion and excessive crop harvesting.
Most methods used to control soil erosion involve, keeping the soil covered
with vegetation.
2. In conventional farming the land is
ploughed several times and smooted to make a planting surface- a practice that
makes it vulnerable to soil erosion. To reduce erosion, an increasing no. of
farmers in many countries are using conservation- tillage farming, also known
as minimum tillage or no till farming depending on the degree to which the soil
is disturbed. Farmers using these methods disturb the soil as little as
possible in planting crops.
3. For the minimum tillage method special
tillers break up and loosen the subsurface soil without turning over the
topsoil. In no-till farming special machines inject seeds, fertilizers and
weed-killers in the unploughed soil.
4. In addition to reducing soil erosion,
conservation tillage and no-till farming reduce fuel and tillage costs and
water loss from soil. They can also increase the no. of crops that can be grown
during a season.
5. Soil erosion can also be reduced by
30-50 percent on gently sloping lands by means of contour farming, ploughing
and planting trees in rows across rather than up and down the sloped contours
of the land. Each row planted horizontally along the slop of the land acts as a
small dam to help slow the run off of water.
6. Terracing can be used on steeper
slopes. Each terrace retains some water running down the vegetated slope.
Terrace provides water for crops at all levels and decreases soil erosion by
reducing the amount and speed of water runoff. In areas of high rainfall,
diversion ditches must be built behind each terrace to permit adequate
drainage.
7. In strip cropping, a series of rows of
one crop, such as corn or soyabeans is
planted in a wide strip. Then the next strip is planted with the soil
conserving cover crop such as grass or grass-legume mixture, which completely
covers the soil and thus reduces soil erosion. These alternating rows of cover
trap soil that erodes from the other rows, catch and reduce water runoff and
help prevent the plant diseases and pests from one strip to another.
8. Windbreaks can reduce erosion caused by
exposure of cultivated lands to high winds or shelter beats. These are long
rows of trees planted to partially block the wind. Windbreak also provide
habitats for birds, pest eating and pollinating insects and other animals.
a. On the basis of your reading of the above
passage, make notes on it. Also use recognizable abbreviations wherever
necessary (minimum 4). Supply a suitable title to it.
b. Write
a summary of the above passage in about 80 words.
SOLUTION:
Title - SOIL
CONSERVATION
1. Soil
Conservation involves-
1.1 Methods
to reduce soil erosion
1.2 Prevent
depletion of soil nutrients
1.3 Restore
nutrients
1.4 Soil
cvrd with vegtn
2. Conventional
Farming
2.1 Land
pld. & smoothed several times
2.2 Make
vulnerable
3. Minimum Tillage
Method
3.1 Break
up & loosen the subsurface soil
3.2 Special
planting machines inject seeds, fertilizers & weed killers into soil
4. Contour Farming
4.1 Reduces
erosion by 30-50%
4.2 Ploughing
& planting in rows across the land
4.3 Rows
hold & slow runoff of water
5. Terracing
5.1
Used on steeper slopes
5.2 Provides
water at all levels
5.3 High
rainfall areas, diversion ditches build behind terrace
6. Strip Cropping
6.1 Series
of rows of one crop
6.2 Soil
cover crop
6.3 Altrntg.
crop trap soil
6.4 Prevent
the spread of diseases and pests
7. Windbreaks
7.1 Long
rows of trees block wind
7.2 Provide
habitats for insects
KEY TO ABBREVIATION
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Cvrd - covered
vegtn - vegetation
% - percent
& - and
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Summary
Soil conversation involves methods to reduce soil
erosion, prevention of the depletion of soil nutrients, restoration of
nutrients and also covering the soil with vegetation. In conventional farming,
land is ploughed and smoothed several times which makes it vulnerable to soil
erosion. In Minimum Tillage method the subsurface soil is broken up and
loosened and seeds, fertilizers and weed killers are injected into soil through
special planting machines. Contour farming reduces erosion by 30-50%. Ploughing
and planting is done in rows across the land which slows down the run off of
water. Terracing is used on steeper slopes which provides water at all levels.
In high rainfall areas, diversion ditches are build behind terrace. In strip
cropping, crops are planted in alternating rows which cover trap soil and
prevent the spread diseases and pests. Windbreaks are long rows of trees which
block wind and provide habitat for birds, insects, etc.
5. Read
the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
1. The tests of life are its plus factor.
Overcoming illness and suffering is plus factor for it moulds character. Steel
is iron plus fire, soil is rock plus heat. So lets include plus factor in our
life.
2. Sometimes the plus factor is more
readily seen by the simple-hearted. Myers tells the story of a mother who
brought into her home- as a companion for her own son- a little boy who
happened to have a hunchabck. She had warned her son to careful to not to refer
to his disability and to go right on playing with him as if he were like any
other boy.
3. The boys were playing and after a few
minutes she overheard her son say to his companion, “Do you know what you have
got on your back?” The little boy was embarrassed but before he could reply,
his playmate continued, “It is the box in which your wings are and someday God
is going to cut it open and then you will fly away and be an angel.”
4. Often it takes a third eye or change in
factor to see the plus factor. Walking along the corridors of a hospital
recently where patiently were struggling with fear of pain and tests, I was
perturbed. What gave me fresh perspective were the sayings put up everywhere,
intended to uplift. One saying made me conscious of the beauty of the universe
in the midst of pain, suffering and struggle. The other saying assured me that
God was with me when I was in deep water and that no trouble would overwhelm
me.
5. The import of those sayings also made
me aware of the nether springs that flow into people’s lives when they touch
rock bottom or lonely or even deserted. The nether springs make recovery
possible and they bring peace and patience amidst pain and distress.
6. The forces of death and destruction are
not so much physical as they are psychic and psychological. When malice, hate
and hard-heartedness prevail, they get channeled as forces of destruction.
Where openness, peace and good-heartedness prevail, the forces of life gush
forth to regenerate hope and joy. The life force is triumphant when love
overcomes fear. Both fear and love are deep mysteries. But the effect of love
is to build whereas fear tends to destroy. Love is often the plus factor that
helps build character. It helps us to accept and overcome suffering. It helps
us to accept and overcome suffering. It creates lasting bonds and its reach is
infinite.
7. Its true there is no shortage of
destructive elements – forces and people who seek to destroy others and in the
process destroy themselves – but at the same time there are signs of love and
life everywhere that are constantly enabling us to overcome setbacks. So let’s
not only at gloom and doom – let’s seek out positivity and happiness. For it is
when you seek that you will find what is waiting to be discovered.
a. On the basis of your reading of the above
passage, make notes on it. Also use recognizable abbreviations wherever
necessary (minimum 4). Supply a suitable title to it.
b. Write a summary of the above passage in
about 80 words.
Title-PLUS FACTORS OF LIFE
1. Plus Factor
1.1 Overcoming
illness & suffering
1.2 Sometimes
observed by simple-hearted
1.3 Often
takes third eye to notice
2. Nether Springs
2.1 Make rcvry
psbl
2.2 Bring
peace & patience
3. Forces of Death
& Destruction
3.1 Malice,
hate, hard-heartedness
3.2 Not
physical, psychic & psychological
4. Love & Fear
4.1 Deep
mystries
5. Conclusion
5.1 No
shortage of dstrctve elmnts
5.2 Love
&life everywhere
5.3 Not look
gloom & doom
5.4 Seek
pstvty & hpns.
KEY TO ABBREVIATION
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1. rcvry - recovery
2. psbl - possible
3. & - and
4. pstvty - positivity
5. hpns. - happiness
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SUMMARY
Overcoming illness and suffering is a plus factor
of life. Sometimes it is observed by simple-hearted people and often takes a
third eye to notice it. The nether springs of people make recovery possible.
They bring peace and patience amid pain and distress. Malice, hate and
hard-heartedness are forces of death and destruction. They are more psychic and
psychological than physical. Both fear and love are deep mysteries. Love builds
and fear destroys. Love has an infinite reach and builds lasting bonds. There
is no shortage of destructive elements but at the same time, love and life are
also everywhere. We should not look only at gloom and doom but should also seek
positivity and happiness.
6. Read
the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
1. In a very short period of time internet
has had a profound impact on the way we live. Since the internet was made
operational in 1983, it has lowered both the costs of communication and the
barriers to creative expression. It has challenged old business models and
enabled new ones. It has provided access to information on a level never before
achievable. It succeeded because we designed it to be flexible and open. These
two features have allowed it to accommodate innovation without massive changes
to its infrastructure. An open, borderless and standardized platform means that
barriers to entry are low, competition is high, interoperability is assured and
innovation is rapid.
2. The beauty of an open platform is that
there are no gatekeepers. For centuries, access to and creation of information
was controlled by the few. The internet has changed that and is rapidly
becoming the platform for everyone, by everyone.
3. Of course, it still has a way to go.
Today there are only 2.3 billion internet users, representing roughly 30% of
the world’s population. Much of the information that they can access online is
in English, but this is changing rapidly.
4. The technological progress of internet
has also set social change in motion. As with other enabling emotions with it
from the telegraph to television. Some will worry about the effects of broader
access to information – the printing press and rise in literacy that it
effected were, after all, long seen as destablishing. Similar concerns about
internet are occasionally raised, but we if take a long view, I am confident
that its benefits far outweigh the discomforts of learning to integrate into
our lives. Internet and the World Wide Web are what they are because literally
millions of people have made it so. It is a grand collaboration.
5. It would be foolish not to acknowledge
that the openness of internet has had a price. Security is an increasingly
important issue and cannot be ignored. If there is an area of vital research
and development, it is one of them. I am increasingly confident that techniques
and practices exist to make internet more secure while retaining its
essentially open quality.
6. After working on the internet and its
predecessors for over four decades, I’m more optimistic about its promise than
I have ever been. We are all free to innovate on the net everyday. Internet is
a tool of people built by people, for people and it must stay that way.
a. On the basis of your reading of the above
passage, make notes on it. Also use recognizable abbreviations wherever
necessary (minimum 4). Supply a suitable title to it.
b. Write
a summary of the above passage in about 80 words.
SOLUTION:
Title -INTERNET - TOOL OF PEOPLE
1. Introduction
1.1 Short
period, profound impact
1.2 Operational
in 1983
1.3 Lowered cost
of communctn, barriers of exprsn
1.4 Flexible
& open design, rapid innovation, high comptn
2. Internet Today
2.1 Open
platform
2.2 For
everyone by everyone
2.3 2.3
billion users, much infrmn in English
2.4 Set social
change in motion
3. Future Concerns
& Promises
3.1 Destabilizing
concern
3.2 Benefits
outweigh discomforts
3.3 Safer
& more secure
3.4 Free
to innovate
KEY TO ABBREVIATION
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1. Communctn - Communication
2. exprsn - expression
3. & - and
4. comptn - competition
5. infrmn - information
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SUMMARY
Internet has made a profound impact on our
lives in a very short period. It has been operational since 1983. It has
lowered both cost of communication and barriers to creative expression. It
succeeded because it is flexible and open. It ensures rapid innovation and
high competition. It is an open platform for everyone by everyone. Today
there are 2.3 billion internet users and much of the information online is in
English. It has also set social change in motion. There are destabilizing
concerns about it. But its promises outweigh discomforts. The practices to
make it safer and more secure exist. It sets people free to innovate.
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